Q: Elaborate Article 12 of Indian Constitution ?

Ans: Article 12 of Indian Constitution mentions about the state. The state includes Central Government,  State Government , Municipality, etc.

The concept of P.I.L was taken from USA in 1980.

The purpose of P.I.L is to protect human rights and for the  benefit of public at large. In PIL, the individual interest of human is never considered.

The purpose of P.I.L is to maintain rule of law in society.

Justice P. N. bhagwati and Justice Krishna Iyer was the founder of P.I.L.

Article 12 defines ‘State’ as:


Legislative and Executive Organs of the Union Government: 


Indian Government


Indian Parliament – Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha


Legislative and Executive organs of the State Government: 


State Governments


State Legislature – Legislative Assembly, Legislative Council of State


All local authorities 


Municipalities – Municipal Corporations, Nagar Palika, Nagar Panchayats


Panchayats – Zila Panchayats, Mandal Panchayats, Gram Panchayats


District Boards


Improvement Trusts, etc.


Statutory and Non-Statutory Authorities 


Statutory Authorities Examples: 


National Human Rights Commission


National Commission for Women


National Law Commission


National Green Tribunal


National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission


Armed Forces Tribunal


Non Statutory Authorities Examples 


Central Bureau of Investigation


Central Vigilance Commission


Lokpal and Lokayuktas

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